Artificial intelligence driven noninvasive screening of Anaemia from conjunctiva images using unmodified smartphone

Abstract

The integration of technology with healthcare has revolutionized newlinedisease diagnosis and treatment, enhancing the quality of life globally. newlineAnaemia, a prevalent blood disorder characterized by reduced erythrocyte newlinecount or low haemoglobin levels, poses significant health risks and socio newlineeconomic challenges. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that newlineapproximately two billion individuals are affected by anaemia worldwide, newlinewith children under five and pregnant women being the most vulnerable newlinegroups. Traditional anaemia screening methods are invasive, expensive, and newlineinaccessible to many populations, highlighting the need for innovative, cost newlineeffective, and non-invasive solutions. newlineThis research aims to develop a non-invasive, cost-effective diagnostic newlinetool for anaemia screening using conjunctiva images captured with newlineunmodified smartphones. By leveraging Artificial Intelligence (AI) newlinealgorithms, the goal is to create an accessible solution that utilizes basic user newlineinformation and conjunctiva images to accurately classify anaemia status and newlineestimate haemoglobin levels. Multiple models were developed to enhance the newlineaccuracy, reliability, and generalizability of the screening tool. newline