Minimization of fluoride content from potable groundwater of hisar city of haryana state by using brick powder an industrial waste and wheat husk an agricultural waste

Abstract

Water is a precious component for life. Survival of the universe without newlinewater is next to impossible. Access of safe drinking water to common man is a huge newlinechallenge. Though 71% of earth is covered with water but only 3 % water is usable newlinefor drinking purposes and rest is unsafe or contaminated. Countries like Canada, newlineFinland, Greenland enjoy the opportunity of most suitable clean drinking water newlinewhereas countries like Qatar, Oman, Israel suffer from least availability of safe newlinedrinking water resources. More than 300 million people in the world are facing the newlineacute shortage of water to meet daily needs and numbers are increasing day by day. newlineIt is estimated that by 2025, 300 million population of world will reside in those newlineareas where there will be severe scarcity of water. The root causes of water newlinecontamination are rapid industrialization, urbanization, population growth, newlineagricultural, chemical and municipal waste, poor sanitation, lack of awareness newlineamong inhabitants, mismanagement and improper planning of government newlineorganizations. The situation is alarming in poor and developing countries. newlineOne such contaminant is fluoride. The permissible limit of fluoride intake for newlinehuman body is 0.6 to 1.5 mg /l. It is essential component for proper human growth. newlineThe fluoride intake to human body beyond desirable limits leads to many diseases/ newlinecomplications such as dental, skeletal and non-skeletal fluorosis. 19 states of India newlineare suffering from fluorosis and 14 districts of Haryana state are suffering from newlineexcess fluoride in ground water. There is no cure to the disease and prevention is the newlineonly solution. Indian sub-continent is rich in granites and volcanic rocks which are newlinerich source of fluoride minerals and as fluoride is highly electronegative and passage newlineof it into soil and ground water leads to easy availability of fluoride in the local newlinedrinking water supply units. Therefore, it is necessary to protect the suffering people newlineby maintaining optimum level in the drinking water by defluridation.