Real time PCR for molecular characterization of Methicillin Resistance Staphylococcus Aureus Among Clinical Isolates in Haryana

Abstract

The treatment of S. aureus infections has become a therapeutic challenge because of its ability to develop resistance to multiple antibiotics including penicillin available for staphylococcus treatment. MRSA represents a serious problem in hospitals worldwide and are difficult to eradicate because of multidrug resistant and its newlinesusceptibility only to glycopeptides antibiotics such as vancomycin. Indeed, low level resistance even to vancomycin is emerging at present. newlineConsiderable variations in the prevalence of MRSA have been reported in the literature according to different geographic areas of the world. Further reports of multi drug resistance (MDR) among MRSA infections are suggestive of a serious emerging threat in India which is alarming and may soon become a global problem unless antibiotic agents are used more prudently. The part of this study was undertaken to understand the prevalence of MRSA isolate and their antibiotic resistance pattern. newlineThe importance of S. aureus as a human pathogen is due to its extraordinary potential to develop antimicrobial resistance which is probably most visible during the clinical management of individual patient with infections caused by it. The antibiotic resistance in S. aureus was almost unknown when penicillin was first introduced in 1943, however until 1950 40% of hospital S.aurues isolates were penicillin resistant that was raised to 80% by 1960. Methicillin was the first semi-synthetic penicillinase- resistant penicillin, introduced in 1961 to target penicillin resistant S. aurues strains. However, resistance to methicillin occurred following the chromosomal acquisition of novel DNA which is a part of the mobile genetic elements, the staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCCmec). SCCmec elements are characterized into numerous types, subtypes or variants based upon their three structure features which consist of ccr gene complex, mec gene complex and three regions bordering the ccr and mec complexes designated as joining regions ( I-XII unique SCCmec types while variant