Development of a Novel Nanotechnology based Prophylactic tool against Bovine Mastitis

Abstract

Mastitis, a prevalent inflammatory condition of the udder in dairy cows, poses significant challenges to milk production, animal health, and farm economics. This study investigated mastitis incidence across six districts of Kashmir, evaluated diagnostic tools, and explored the application of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles as a preventive strategy. Incidence varied significantly across districts, with Pulwama, Anantnag, and Baramulla recording the highest rates, collectively contributing to over 80% of cases. Lower incidence rates were found in Ganderbal and Budgam districts, reflecting differences in herd management, veterinary service access, and underreporting. Prevalence studies were carried out in selected districts using different diagnostic methods. Diagnostic evaluation identified Somatic Cell Count (SCC) as the standard method for mastitis detection, achieving high sensitivity and specificity. Infrared Thermography (IRT) and the California Mastitis Test (CMT) supplemented SCC as field-friendly, cost- effective methods, albeit with varying accuracy levels.Particle size and distribution of Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were characterized using dynamic light scattering (Photon Correlation Spectroscopy) and electrophoretic light scattering (Zeta potential Measurement) methods. The results indicated a narrow size distribution and stable dispersion, crucial for effective antimicrobial activity.The nanoparticles demonstrated optimal stability at pH 8.5, supported by a zeta potential of +43 mV, ensuring effective dispersion and prolonged antimicrobial activity. The nanoparticles exhibited robust antimicrobial efficacy, newlinecreating average inhibition zones of 18 mm for Staphylococcus aureus and 15 mm for Escherichia coli.The coating of cotton fabric with zinc oxide nanoparticles was achieved using three methods: Ultrasonication, Pad-Dry-Cure, and Desiccation-Assisted Fabrication (Syringe Desiccation Technique).Each method provided effective coating, but their efficiency varied based on uniformity, durability, and an