A comparative study of novel biomarkers of chronic kidney disease and chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology

Abstract

Abstract newlineIn the early stages, the symptoms of CKDU are usually not apparent. Significant reduction in kidney newlinefunctions is obvious at the later stage of the disease. If diagnosed early (stage 1-3), the progression of newlineCKDU can be reduced and complications can be minimized. In stage 4 and 5, kidney damage would be newlineextensive with peak levels of urea and creatinine. The diagnosis and staging of CKD rely on measurement newlineof GFR and albuminuria. The actual GFR by measurement of external filtration markers is tedious, newlinecumbersome and may not be practical. Therefore, the clinical assessment depends on the levels of urea newlineand creatinine. The credibility of screening CKDU by means of serum creatinine, which is current newlinediagnostic method has been questioned due to its limited sensitivity, low predictive value and high newlineprobability of error. Hence, next generation biomarkers for early diagnosis of CKDU are very much newlineessential (Figure 1). Chronic kidney disease has a definite systemic illness with either diabetes or newlinehypertension or combination. The objective is to control diabetes and hypertension and also maintain the newlinekidney function. CKDU is generally due to causes other than diabetes and hypertension and if the causes newlineare identified they can be prevented. To achieve this, the novel biomarkers would give a lead and also newlineprognosis of the treatment newline