Development of Nano Electrochemical Sensors for the Study of Selected Medicinal Compounds

Abstract

This work aimed at developing nanocomposites (NCs) based sensors for studying the purity and newlinecomposition of pharmaceuticals. Pharmaceuticals with different therapeutic properties were newlinechosen, viz., Butorphanol (analgesic), Embramine (antihistamine), Cyclobenzaprine (muscle newlinerelaxants or anti-depressants) and Metadoxine (antioxidant/anti-alcoholic or antabuse). These newlinedrugs were detected selectively by the following sensors: CuO/PANI/GCE, GO/IL/GCE, newlineCo3O4/Nafion/BDDE and CuO/CH/GCE developed in the present study. The NCs were newlineprepared via sonochemical and hydrothermal methods. While the metal/metal oxide and newlinepolymer nanomaterials like CuO, Co3O4NPs and PANI were prepared by the hydrothermal newlinemethod, GO was synthesised by the well-established Hummer s method. The synthesised NCs newlinewere characterised using XRD, FESEM, EDX, TEM, Raman, XPS and FTIR techniques. The newlineNCs were drop cast on electrodes (GCE/BDDE/SPE) to form modified electrodes, and their newlineelectroactive surface area was determined by using the CV technique. The charge transfer newlineresistance value and interfacial properties of the electrode reaction process on its surface were newlinecalculated using the EIS technique. Both the studies were done in an aqueous ferricyanide newlinesolution with 0.1 M KCl as an electrolyte. The probable electron transfer mechanism at the newlineelectrode surface was proposed in each case. newlineFurther, CV and SWV techniques were applied to analyse the electrochemical behaviour of newlinethe selected drugs at the modified sensors, which showed an amplified current response in newlinecompared to their respective bare electrode. The method was validated in terms of LOD, LOQ, newlineaccuracy, precision, recovery, reproducibility and repeatability. The operational electrochemical newlineparameters were evaluated regarding the pH of the suppording electrolyte, scan rate, modifier newlineamount dropcast and concentration of the drug. Meanwhile, the real-time applicability of the newlineproposed sensors with this method was also studied to determine selected drugs in human blood newlineserum and market formulations. The obtained results showed that the sensors could potentially newlineanalyse some medicinal compounds. newline