Novel Polyurethane Foams Loaded with Nanoparticles Synthesis Characterization and Evaluation of Phosphate and Coliforms Removal Efficacies

Abstract

The water quality has been adversely affected by the increasing population density and land-use changes. Among the major water pollution problems, eutrophication and bacterial contamination have gained great interest globally. The high amount of phosphate in surface water causes eutrophication and depletes the dissolved oxygen levels due to the excessive growth of algae. It also creates kidney and bone damages. The bacterial contamination in water results in various water-borne diseases like cholera, dysentery, typhoid, etc. The phosphate and coliform content in water make it unfit for potable and non-potable purposes including recreational activities. The existing treatment systems in removing phosphate like membrane filtration, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, coagulation, etc. face difficulties in cost, dependability, steadiness, and sludge handling. The biological treatment systems are effective only at phosphate levels that maintain the proper metabolism of microorganisms. Although conventional disinfection methods like chlorination, ozonation, and ultraviolet (UV) radiation can beneficially control the pathogenic organisms, they either produce toxic by-products or are expensive and difficult to operate. The reuse of wastewater helps to lower the freshwater extraction from rivers and aquifers. Greywater is one of the sources of phosphate and coliforms, which is produced by household activities such as laundry, dishwashing, and bathing. As large volume of greywater is generated day-by-day, the reusing of treated greywater can reduce water consumption and the entry of pollutants into the environment. Greywater treatment for reuse has gained momentum in India and is used widely in multi-storied buildings like hospitals, apartments, etc. But the existing treatment methods often fail to remove phosphate and coliforms effectively from greywater. A simple, quick, adaptable, and effective method to remove phosphate and coliforms is therefore necessary.