Characterization Of Cannabis Withdrawal In Terms Of Neurotransmitter Levels In Patients Of Chronic Cannabis Dependence A Longitudinal Study

Abstract

Cannabis sativa (cannabis) was among the first non-food plants cultivated by newlinehumans. It first appeared 36 million years ago in the Altai Mountains in Central newlineAsia, where Siberia, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan connect. The first documented newlineevidence of cannabis use was found in ancient China (Han Dynasty) in the fourth newlinecentury B.C. [1]. The Chinese used fibres from cannabis stem to manufacture newlineropes, cloths, strings, textiles, and paper. Cannabis reached Europe newlineapproximately A.D. 500 from China, India, and North Africa [2]. Pharmacological newlinecults worldwide use cannabis ritually. The first documented reference to the use newlineof cannabis as a psychotropic drug was observed in one of the phrases quoted newlinein a Chinese monograph, Pen-ts ao ching: ma-fen (the fruit of cannabis) if newlinetaken in excess will produce visions of devils over a long term, it makes one newlinecommunicate with the spirits and lightens one s body [3]. Multiple scientific newlinepieces of evidence from the ancient world describe the use of cannabis as a newlinemedicinal agent by various societies [4]. Chinese culture utilized cannabis about newline2000 years ago to attain Yin and Yang balance and harmony, which helped newlineprevent disease onset. Ancient Chinese people were reported to use cannabis newline(especially seeds) for medical purposes until today, Chinese physicians use newlinecannabis seeds as a laxative for treating constipation [5]. Cannabis was never newlineas extensively used for medical purposes in China as in India. newline