Notch Band Antenna Sensor for Breast and Skin Cancer Detection

Abstract

This thesis addresses the critical need for effective and non-invasive methods for cancer newlinedetection, with a focus on breast and skin cancers. The American Cancer Society (ACS) newlineprojected nearly 1.96 million new cancer cases and over 609,000 deaths in the U.S. in newline2023, with breast and skin cancers significantly contributing to these statistics. Early newlinedetection increases patient survival rates by 80-90%, but traditional detection methods newlinelike ultrasound, X-rays, and CT scans present several challenges, including high costs, newlinepatient discomfort, and health risks associated with ionizing radiation. In contrast, newlinemicrowave sensing (MS) emerges as a promising alternative, offering non-invasiveness, newlinecost-effectiveness, and improved accuracy in detecting malignant tumors due to its newlinereliance on electromagnetic radiation, which effectively differentiates between normal newlineand cancerous tissues. newlineThe research explores antenna design for cancer detection, emphasizing reliability and newlineperformance in identifying breast and skin cancers. The study explores various antennas, newlineincluding Vivaldi, UWB, slot, and fractal types, and considers the impact of interference newlinefrom other frequency bands. To address these challenges, notch band antennas are newlineemployed to minimize interference. The study validates these designs using breast and newlineskin phantoms, with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) employed to analyze reflection newlinecoefficient responses, effectively distinguishing between normal and cancerous tissues. newlineThe thesis presents four key antenna designs: newline1. A flexible wearable antenna for ISM and WLAN bands, optimized for cancer detection newlinethrough a meandering shape and parasitic elements. newline2. A compact UWB antenna for precise skin cancer detection, offering high gain and newlineomnidirectional radiation patterns. newline3. A crescent-shaped slot patch antenna with multiple notch bands, designed for breast newlinecancer detection with enhanced performance in interference-prone environments. newline4. A sensitive antenna with additional notch bands to further