Determining routing issues and designingrouting protocols for wireless sensor networks

Abstract

newline The Wireless Sensor Network, or WSN, is one of the most significant technologies that can often be described as consisting of a large number of wireless sensor nodes that are equipped with the capabilities of sensing, communications, and computing. Consuming energy from nodes in a way that is both effective and efficient allows for the continued functioning of WSN. Numerous applications, particularly in the fields of medicine, research, and military, make use of the WSN. The performance of the WSN might be affected by a number of concerns, including load balancing, security, and lowering the energy consumption of the nodes. To improve the performance of the WSN structure in a variety of applications, these challenges need to be addressed and resolved. In order to overcome the problems of load balancing, increase security, and decrease energy usage in WSN, the hybrid emperor penguin optimisation, or EPO, is developed in phase 2 of the project. When the EPO algorithm is improved using the hybrid EPO, which is a combination of the EPO algorithm and the Atom Search Optimisation (ASO) algorithm, the updating function is enhanced. Load balancing, improved security, and decreased energy consumption are the three primary aim functions that are taken into consideration while attempting to increase performance. The optimum clustering scheme, which was acquired by using the suggested hybrid EPO, was responsible for achieving load balancing. With the assistance of hybrid EPO and the implementation of computational security measures, the security of WSN was also improved. In a similar manner, the optimum routing strategy of WSN may be obtained using hybrid EPO algorithm. The suggested technique is put through its paces by the NS2 simulator, and its results are compared to those of established methods like ASO and EPO, respectively. The following parameters are considered to be performance indicators: delay, drop, throughput, energy consumption,