Effect of Nano Particles on Fuel Injection in Variable Compression Ratio Engine VCR

Abstract

The global energy demand based on fossil fuels is an important newlineissue to be highlighted today. Every day there was a diminish in the newlineavailability of natural energy resources. In 2030, the impact of Biodiesel newlineto meet the global energy demand will be in large potential. The Castor newlineoil, Cotton seed oil, Jatropha curcus oil, Karnaj oil, Jatropha curcus, newlinePongamia pinnata, Palm oil, Rice brand oil, Madhuca indica, Lemon newlinegrass oil, Gossypium arboreum, Simaroubaglauca etc. and more are a newlinefew examples of the non edible feedstock for biodiesel blends available newlinein nature abundantly. In addition to that, the potential impact of cotton newlineseed oil and palm oil are the superior resources to be used as feedstock newlinefor the production of biodiesel. The cotton seed oil is extracted newlineabundantly in India due to its cultivation in many agricultural fields. The newlinesecond feedstock called palm oil also available in Asian countries newlineincluding coastal regions. The objective of my research is to collect newlineseeds from both cotton plants and palm trees to extract oil and also newlinebiodiesel production from both oils. The molar yield proportion of the newlinebiodiesel was 7:1 and 6:1 for cotton seed oil and palm oil, respectively. newlinePotassium hydroxide (KOH) with weight percent of 0.5 was utilized as a newlinecatalyst to speed up the transesterification reaction. As per ASTM 6751 newlinevi newlinestandards for testing of properties, both samples were heated up to 75ºC newlinetemperature and the reaction time was about 120 minutes. The thermophysical newlineproperties of cotton seed oil such as calorific value, acid value, newlinemoisture, density, flash point fire point and Kinematic viscosity were newline37964 kJ//kg, 16 %, 18 %, 0.75 gm/cc, 140ºC, 51ºC, 10% and 3.7 cST, newlinerespectively. Similarly the thermo-physical properties of palm oil such newlineas calorific value, acid value, moisture, density, flash point, fire point newlineand Kinematic viscosity were 39910 kJ//kg, 14 %, 178 %, 0.75 gm/cc, newline138ºC, 50ºC, 10% and 4.73 cST respectively. The above properties newlineindicated that the biodiesel produced from such oils may be a substitut