Assessment of water quality parameters of river Yamuna using prepared biochar

Abstract

newline In this study, the water quality of Yamuna river was determined by analysing 14 water newlinequality parameters, collected quarterly (four times/year) from nine river water sources newlineof Agra and Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India, for one year (May 2019 April 2020) newlineconsidering the seasonal variation. The water quality parameters determined pH, EC, newlineTurbidity, TDS, Total Hardness, Total Alkalinity, Ca2+, SO! newlinequot#, Cl newline- newline, Mg2+, Fe2+, COD, newlineDO, and BOD. High TDS and EC values were observed in all the sampling stations of newlineAgra, the sample values of Prayagraj were under the permissibility limit. Lower newlineconcentration of BOD and COD (reflux dichromate method) was observed in both the newlineregions of the sampling stations. High values of Total Hardness (EDTA titration) was newlinerecorded in the samples of Agra due to the presence of Ca2+ and Mg2+ whose newlineconcentration was also determined relatively high during the study. Total hardness of newlinethe samples of Prayagraj were slightly above the permissibility limit. High Alkalinity newlinedue to dumping of industrial waste was observed in Agra regions throughout the study newlinewhereas the values were below the permissibility limit in Prayagraj. The ICPMS data newlinerevealed the presence of P, K, Na, Mg, and Ca in the sample of Yamuna flowing newlinethrough Agra and Prayagraj. The presence of Sr newline2+ in the samples of Prayagraj was also newlineobserved. The mean values of all the water quality parameters suggested that the river newlineis highly polluted at Agra due to dumping of untreated runnels and the parameters of newlinePrayagraj were under the permissibility limit making water less polluted and safe for newlinedomestic use. The adsorption study for removal of Cu2+ and Ni2+ ions over the newlinemodified biochar MGCB, FEZB and FEJB was observed. The characterization such newlineas FTIR, FESEM, EDX, XRD and BET of the adsorbent was used to identify the newlinefunctional groups, surface morphology, elemental composition, crystalline and newlinexv newlineamorphous nature and pore size respectively. RSM was used to establish the response newlineof operating variable