Studies on antileishmanial efficacy of a phytocompound and#946; sitosterol ccl from corchorus capsularis l leaf extract and its implication in host protective immunomodulation against leishmania donovani infection

Abstract

The term leishmaniasis encompasses an array of complex diseases which is caused by a variety newlineof species of parasitic protozoan of Leishmania genus. The disease, leishmaniasis is a vector newlineborne disease and also considered as poverty-related disease, which appeared as a second newlinelargest parasitic disease after malaria. Every year near about millions of patients are identified newlinewith leishmaniasisfrom more than 98 endemic countries including India [Burza S et al., newline2018]. The disease manifestations are strictly associated with the species of the invading newlineparasiteswhich can cause simple cutaneous skin lesions to severe visceralization of major newlineinternal organs. Based on the clinical appearances, the disease is broadly categorized into newlinemajor three forms e.g., CL: cutaneous leishmaniasis, MCL: mucocutaneous leishmaniasis and newlinemost deadly, VL: visceral leishmaniasis. VL, commonly known as kala-azar, which is caused by newlineLeishmania donovani. The disease VL is associated with a variety of clinical symptoms including newlinesplenomegaly, hepatomegaly, intermittent body temperature etc. These manifestations newlinegradually lead to death without proper treatment. Indeed, the disease is considered as the most newlineignored type and thus the rate of mortality as well as morbidity are being increased noiselessly newlinefrom every corner of the poor socio-economic area, where people suffers predominantly with newlinemalnutrition and unhygienic factors. newlineBut, till date there is no authorized human vaccine to combat VL. Hence, the newlinetreatment policy is still entirely dependent on the chemotherapeutics. Pentavalent antimony, a newlineclassical foremost drug for treatment of VL has been applied for more than 70 years and still newlinebeing equally used. Upon failure of first line drug in VL treatment, amphotericin B is preferred newlineas the second line drug. But, frequent usage of these two standard drugs, pentavalent newlineantimony and amphotericin B causes local and systematic adverse side effects including, newlineabdominal pain, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity.