Energy Efficient Clustering and Routing Techniques in Hierarchical Wireless Sensor Networks

Abstract

The Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has become an important field of research in Wireless Communication (WC). Nowadays, many real-time applications are using sensors due to their characteristics such as scalability, small size, lightweight, portable, etc. newlineSeveral sensor nodes associated with WSNs are randomly dispersed in the surrounding newlineenvironment with limited sensing, computing, and communication capabilities. All the newlineunits in the sensor nodes are low powered battery-operated devices. The energy associated with the batteries is finite and must be replaced when they run out, which raises the expense of maintenance. Self-organization and concurrent processing are the important characteristics of WSN. Once the transmission takes place, the energy gets depleted and the node replacement is impossible even if the single node dies which results in network failure. Energy consumption, network lifetime, and security are the major challenges faced by WSN. Maintaining a balance between energy consumption and network lifetime is newlinealways a challenging factor in WSN as both are inversely proportional to each other. newlineSecured clustered routing techniques can be adopted to overcome this challenge. newlineThe proposed work aims to provide a secured clustered routing protocol. This research work is divided into 3 stages namely clustering, routing, and security. newlineClustering is the process of grouping sensor nodes and electing proper Cluster Heads (CHs) to avoid long distance communication to the base station, optimizing energy consumption and providing a better quality of service. newlineThe first work is to form a proper cluster and select appropriate Cluster Heads (CHs) using a Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Algorithm for Cluster Establishment (ACE). newlineData transmission in WSN consumes more energy compared to processing. Long distance nodes consume more energy than nodes with short distance communication, so maintaining energy across the network is difficult due to limited energy resources. To prolong network lifetime and for energy efficient transmiss