Demand Response Through Transactive Control Over Personal Environmental Control Systems

Abstract

The building sector consumes a significant amount of energy. The three major building performance areas are comfort, energy efficiency, and demand response capabilities. In the recent past, widespread penetration of Distributed Energy Resources (DER) have increased interest in using end-user devices and equipment in buildings as flexible devices to balance grid supply and demand, i.e., Grid-Responsive buildings. DER refer small-scale power generation or storage technologies that can be deployed close to the point of energy consumption. These resources are often decentralized and include renewable energy sources such as solar panels, wind turbines, and energy storage systems like batteries. Integrating DER introduces many operational challenges and uncertainty into the grid. Demand Response (DR) strategies are applied to address these challenges. DR refers to the practice of actively adjusting electricity consumption in response to signals such as price or incentives from grid operators, utilities, or aggregators. It involves reducing or shifting electricity usage during peak periods or in response to grid constraints to balance supply and demand, enhance grid reliability, and avoid or mitigate grid emergencies. The approach that is used to manage the DR using price as the key operational parameter is called Transactive Controls (TC). TC is a market-based control paradigm that uses price as the key operational parameter. GridWise Architecture Council defined it as a set of economic and control mechanisms that allow the dynamic balance of supply and demand across the entire electrical infrastructure using value as a key operational parameter . Economists extensively dealt with TC in microeconomics. However, TC is a domain-free approach that integrates market-based coordination and value-based control for a group of newlineix newlineresources to achieve global objectives. Furthermore, the Building Energy Management Systems (BEMS) manage TC at the building or zone level in a commercial building. For example, in case of load s