The Evaluation of Pattern of Thyroid Dysfunction Among Antenatal Women and Their Effect on Meternal and Fetal Outcome

Abstract

The human body has two systems for controlling and regulating our body functions one is Nervous System and another is Glandular System. The glandular system consists of exocrine and endocrine system depending upon their secretions via duct in the first case and via directly into blood flow into second system i.e. endocrine system. The endocrine system contains of various components like hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, suprarenal gland, testes and ovaries etc. The secretions of endocrine gland are commonly called as hormone. Out of these glands, the thyroid gland plays an important role in metabolism regulation and growth. The secretions of Thyroid gland i.e., thyroid hormones plays an important role during the life span of an individual and its variations are linked with hostile health impacts.1,2 Pregnancy, as an significant reproductive and prideful event of a lady, has a varied but alterable result on thyroid gland and its functioning. During pregnancy the thyroid gland undergoes in a state of unnecessary stimulation directing to a raised in thyroid gland magnitude by 10% in iodide appropriate areas and may increase up to 20-40% in the iodide lacking regions.3 During pregnancy, the hormonal and physiological deviations occurring in the female causes the production of thyroid hormones i.e. thyroxin (T4) and the triiodothyronine (T3) increase up to 50 % which increase the normal daily iodine requirement also by 50 % and decreased Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels mainly in first trimester.1 The availability of iodine in less amount leads to physiological adaptations of thyroid gland whereas the sufficient amount of iodine escape the same in thyroid gland during pregnancy.1 Thyroid disease is prevalent in the women of reproductive age, and thyroid physiology changes significantly during pregnancy.4 Thyroid associated endocrinopathies 2 are the second common endocrine disorders, after diabetes mellitus in women.5 These disorders are 4 5 times more frequently prevalent in