Synthesis and characterization of nano cubebinol for biological and environmental applications

Abstract

Traditional medicine has gained prominence as a primary newlinehealthcare source in many countries. In India, the AYUSH systems have been newlineused since ancient times to treat various ailments. Among these, the Siddha newlinesystem focuses on deriving remedies from natural sources. One such plant, newlinePiper cubeba from the Piperaceae family, is renowned for its rich newlinephytochemical profile, including amides, benzoic acids, terpenes, and newlinealkaloids. In this research, cubebinol, a novel phytocomponent from Piper newlinecubeba, was evaluated for its biological and environmental applications. newlineI. newlineII. newlineCubebinol was synthesized from Piper cubeba seeds using a newlinereflux newlinemethod for extraction, followed by coupled newlinenanotization techniques, including ball milling and ultra newlinesonication, to achieve nanosized particles. This dual approach newlineensured the effective extraction of cubebinol while enhancing newlineits surface area and bioavailability, making it suitable for newlinevarious biological applications. newlineNano cubebinol was tested for its anticancer, antilarval, and newlinewound healing properties. The MTT assay showed that newlinecubebinol exerted a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect on cancer newlinecells, newlinewith newlinecell newlineviability significantly decreasing at newlineconcentrations of 100 µg/mL. In larvicidal assays, cubebinol newlinedemonstrated high larval mortality. Additionally, cubebinol newlineexhibited strong trypsin inhibition in assays, which suggested newlineits ability to modulate protease activity, a crucial factor in newlinewound healing. Subsequent wound healing assays confirmed newlinecubebinol s effectiveness in tissue repair, aligning with the newlinetrypsin inhibition findings. newline