Hybrid swarm intelligent non line of sight nodes localization mechanisms for vehicular ad hoc networks

Abstract

Reliable dissemination in Vehicular ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) newlinecompletely depends on the cooperation of the vehicular nodes for facilitating newlinean Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). But the emergency messages newlineexchanged in the network is hindered by the presence of obstacles which newlineintroduces the condition of Non-Line of Sight in VANETs.Intentional newlineNLOS(Non-Line-of-Sight) conditions occur when there are deliberate actions newlineaimed at obstructing or disrupting the communication between the transmitter newlineand receiver that includes intentional signal jamming and spoofing of signals. newlineThe unintentional NLOS node conditions are quite common under the newlineexistence of physical obstacles that includes buildings, trees, and large trucks newlinein the network.This NLOS situations need to be handled through range-free or newlinerange-based positioning approaches since the exact location of unknown newlinenodes The NLOS nodes are categorized into intentional and unintentional. In newlinethis research work, three hybrid swarm intelligent NLOS localization newlinetechniques for determining the exact location of vehicular nodes using the newlinepotential of reference nodes. newlineInitially, Bear Smell Search Optimization Algorithm (BSSOA) is newlineproposed for attaining local as well as global search operations to enhance the newlineprocess of optimization. It mimics the dynamic nature of bears that classifies newlinesmell of diverse creatures and elements in survival environment, while newlineforaging for food which is located several miles apart. These features of newlineBSSOA help in finding the correct position of NLOS nodes independent of newlinetheir position in the network. The capability of BSSOA to perceive vehicles in newlineseveral ways based on availability of location information independent of newlinetheir location aids in maintaining a balance between exploration and newlineexploitation during optimization. newline