Evaluation of Anthelmintic Activity of Herbal Nanoformulations Against Gastrointestinal Nematode Haemonchus contortus

Abstract

The present study was focused on the biofabrication of herbal nanoformulations for evaluating their anthelmintic potential against a gastrointestinal nematode, Haemonchus contortus and validation of nanoformulation for biocompatibility through cell viability assay on fibroblast cell lines of the goat. For this biosynthesis and characterization of herbal nanoformulations was done and characterized through UV-VIS spectrophotometry, SEM, TEM, XRD, FTIR, GC-MS, Nanozetasizer etc. Firstly, green synthesis of stable silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was accomplished using novel combinational approach from leaf extracts of Carrissa carandus and Ziziphus jujuba (AgNPs I) and Azadirachta indica and Ziziphus jujuba (AgNPs II) which were characterized to be spherical with size ranging from 15 to 50 nm. Secondly, stable nanoemulsions were prepared using essential oils of two medicinal plants (Citrus lemon and Zingiber officinale) and characterized as spherical droplets with an average size of 48.73 nm and 28.49 nm respectively. A combinational nanoemulsion was also prepared using both the essential oils with an average droplet size of 29.35nm. Finally, encapsulation of AgNPs II and Albendazole in combinational nanoemulsion was done using a synergistic approach with entrapment efficiency to be approximately 39.20 percent. newlineThis is the first report of the anthelmintic activity of combinational AgNPs, nanoemulsions and their encapsulation against H. contortus. Nanoencapsulation showed more effective anthelmintic activity among all the nanoformulations with lower adulticidal and ovicidal (LC50/IC50) values against adult H. contortus. All the nanoformulations were also evaluated for any associated risk through cytotoxicity assessment against fibroblast cell lines of the goat. While comparing the LC50 values of cytotoxicity assessment, with LC50 values of an in-vitro adulticidal assay, it was observed to be nearly 17 to 20 times higher in the case of different nanoformulations but in the case of blend nanoemulsion, it was 27 times higher, proving them to be safer for use against the small ruminant host for management of this gastrointestinal nematode. newline newline newline