Regulation of TGF and#946;1 Stimulated Activating Transcription Factor 3 by Micrornas in Human Breast Cancer Cells

Abstract

Breast cancer (BC) is the primary cause of cancer-associated deaths among females globally. There is an alarming increase in the BC incidence, which exhibits a vast ethnic disparity in mortality. Bone metastasis of BC is the most pernicious condition characterized by bone pain, pathological fractures, other skeletal complications, etc., and critically affects the life expectancy of metastatic BC patients. Bone metastases of BC are primarily osteolytic and lead to increased osteoclastic bone resorption, which results in the release of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-and#946;1). TGF-and#946;1 is the abundant cytokine in the bone matrix that drives the malignant feed-forward loop of tumor growth in bone. Earlier reports suggested that TGF-and#946;1 induces a continuous and persistent expression of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), thereby regulating BC progression and bone metastasis. Recently, several studies have highlighted the importance of dysregulation of small non-coding microRNAs (miRs) in driving BC pathogenesis newline