Development and Evaluation of Gastro retentive drug delivery system of Glimepiride

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) may be defined as physiological state which is associated with newlineeither non availability of insulin or its ineffectiveness. Diabetes is classified in two major categories i.e. Type-1 and Type-2. newlineDiabetes mellitus type-1 can be characterized by complete lack of insulin, which leads newlineto hyperglycaemic state in the patient. The underlying fact for this condition is newlinesupposed to be defect in the immune system of the patient. This condition was earlier newlineknown as insulin - dependent diabetes or juvenile-onset and is characterized by cellular - mediated autoimmune damage of pancreatic beta cells. Islet cell based autoantibodies, GAD (GAD65) autoantibodies, insulin autoantibodies and autoantibodies to a tyrosine phosphatases IA-2 and IA--cells immunological damage. Whenever fast hyperglycemia is first diagnosed, several of these autoantibodies are detected in 85-90 percent of people. This type of DM accounts for 5-10% of the patients. newlineType - 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by insulin resistance or its newlinedesensitization and subsequent increase in blood glucose levels. In this condition the newlinebody has no insulin signaling impact on glucagon secretion which leads to newlinehyperglycemia by enhancing hepatic glucose output from glucagon. This is a chronic newlinestate that progresses gradually over the life of a patient and may be due environmental newlinefactors or heredity or both. Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) accounts for 90-95 newlinepercent of diabetes cases, it is a frequent and severe global health concern which has newlinedeveloped a result of rapid economic, cultural and changes in society, as well as newlinepopulation shifts, rising and unexpected urbanisation, diet modification like rising newlinedemand of processed foods and sweetened juices, obesity, low physical activity, newlineunhealthy diet and behaviour tendencies, foetal under-nutrition and enhanced foetal newlineaccess to hyperglycemia in pregnancy. T2DM is still most frequent in adults, however newlineit is now affecting adolescents and children rapidly.