Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Multidrug Resistant Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhi Isolated From the Patients Attending Tertiary Care Centre in the Suburbs of Indore Central India

Abstract

Typhoid fever is one of the most common bacterial diseases in India. Asymptomatic carriers newlineare the primary cause of typhoid. A person may hold the typhoid germ asymptomatically for newlinedays to years without showing any signs or symptoms of typhoid fever. The typhoid bacillus newlinecontinues to multiply in the gall bladder of such carriers. The bile duct transports it to the newlineintestine. The silent carriers are the source of typhoid germs that cause infections to recur1. newlineWith over 21.6 million cases and at least 250,000 deaths per year, it remains a global public newlinehealth problem. Asia accounts for almost 80% of cases and deaths, with Africa and Latin newlineAmerica accounting for the remainder. The disease has an incidence ranging from 102 to newline2,219 per 100,000 of the population in developing countries like India2. newlineEnteric fever, septicemia without localization, focal disease gastroenteritis, and the carrier newlinecondition are the five clinical types of Salmonella infection in humans. Salmonella newlinetyphimurium, Salmonella choleraesuis, and Salmonella Typhi are all capable of causing any newlineof these syndromes, although some serotypes are linked to specific symptoms, such as newlinegastroenteritis, septicemia, and enteric fever in the carrier state. The typhoid salmonellas and newlineS. choleraesuis are the most invasive in the immune-competent host, so this behavior newlinerepresents their intrinsic virulence. Several other factors play a role in salmonellosis newlinepathogenesis, and changes in locally protective mechanisms can increase susceptibility to newlineinvasive disease. The increasingly common association of multiple drug resistance with nontyphoid newlinesalmonella strains is of therapeutic significance in this situation3. newlineThe advent of S. Typhi strains resistant to antibiotics prescribed for treatment has newlineexacerbated the high incidence rates of typhoid fever. Antibiotic-resistant S. Typhi is a newlinesignificant concern, according to the Centers for Disease Control which Prevention (CDC), newlineand needs constant surveillance and prevention to prevent the spread of resistant strains. newlineChl